- Introduction
- Overview
This
document describes the certification guidelines for the Klingon Language Certification
Program (KLCP). The guidelines describe the certification levels awarded by the KLI upon
successful completion of certification exams, the language skills that are tested for each
certification level, and also will contain sample questions and answers for each level's
exam. This document is to be used both as a guide for developing the certification Test
Bank, and as a guide to the student who wishes to prepare for the certification exams.
These are
testing materials, not educational materials. While this document describes guidelines for
the language skills addressed by each level of certification, it does not attempt to teach
the student about those language skills.
Back to the top.
- Question Format
The questions will either be translation,
fill-in-the-blank, or require answers to questions about grammar. An example of each type
is provided here.
Translation |
1a. |
Translate
the following sentence: |
|
|
SuS'a'mo'
pum Sorvetlh |
|
|
["That
tree fell because of the powerful wind."] |
|
1b. |
Translate
the following sentence: |
|
|
"The
guard chased the prisoner out of the jail." |
|
|
[bIghHa'vo'
qama' tlha' 'avwI'] |
Fill-in-the-blank |
2a. |
Don't
speak! |
|
|
yIjatlh___ |
|
|
[-Qo'] |
|
2b. |
ya
ghaH wo'rIv'e' |
|
|
Worf
is the __________. |
|
|
["tactical
officer"] |
Grammar |
3a.
|
What
is the connotation of using -mey with a noun capable of language? |
|
|
[scattered
all about] |
|
3b.
|
What
is the connotation of using a general possessive suffix on a noun capable of language? |
|
|
[insult] |
In the po'wI' "advanced"
tests, there will also be questions on reading comprehension. The test will include a
short story, followed by 5 questions about the events described in the story.
In the pab pIn
"grammarian" test, the questions take on a different form. The test taker is
asked to judge the grammaticality of sentences, and explain any problems in the grammar.
The test for this level also includes essay questions.
Back to the top.
- Level I: Hol patlh taghwI',
"Beginner"
- Source
The
beginner's test will consist of 20 questions from the following material. The grammar and
vocabulary will come exclusively from TKD, and no other sources. For the
vocabulary, there is a list of 500 common words from TKD, which all beginners
should learn, and the questions in this section of the test will use vocabulary only from
this list. See the appendix at the end of these guidelines for the beginner's vocabulary.
Back to the top.
- Material
Topic |
Source |
Syllable stress |
TKD 1.3, p. 17 |
Parts of speech |
TKD 2, p. 18 |
NS1 –'a' augmentative |
TKD 3.3.1, p.
21 |
NS1 –Hom diminutive |
TKD 3.3.1, p.
21 |
NS3 –qoq so-called |
TKD 3.3.3, p.
24 |
NS3 –Hey apparent |
TKD 3.3.3, p.
24 |
NS3 –na' definite |
TKD 3.3.3, p.
25 |
NS4 –wIj my |
TKD 3.3.4, p.
25 |
NS4 –wI' my |
TKD 3.3.4, p.
25 |
NS4 –lIj your |
TKD 3.3.4, p.
25 |
NS4 –lI' your |
TKD 3.3.4, p.
25 |
NS4 –maj our |
TKD 3.3.4, p.
25 |
NS4 –ma' our |
TKD 3.3.4, p.
25 |
NS4 –Daj his/her/its/their |
TKD 3.3.4, p.
25 |
NS4 –vam this |
TKD 3.3.4, p.
26 |
NS4 –vetlh
that |
TKD 3.3.4, p.
26 |
NS5 –Daq locative |
TKD 3.3.5, p.
27-28 |
NS5 –vo' from |
TKD 3.3.5, p.
28 |
NS5 –mo' due
to, because of |
TKD 3.3.5, p.
28 |
NS5 –'e' topic |
TKD 3.3.5, p.
29 |
Verb prefix jI- |
TKD 4.1.1, p.
32-34 |
Verb prefix bI- |
TKD 4.1.1, p.
32-34 |
Verb prefix ma- |
TKD 4.1.1, p.
32-34 |
Verb prefix qa- |
TKD 4.1.1, p.
32-34 |
Verb prefix vI- |
TKD 4.1.1, p.
32-34 |
Verb prefix cho- |
TKD 4.1.1, p.
32-34 |
Verb prefix mu- |
TKD 4.1.1, p.
32-34 |
Verb prefix Da- |
TKD 4.1.1, p.
32-34 |
Verb prefix (null) |
TKD 4.1.1, p.
32-34 |
VS1 –'egh
self |
TKD 4.2.1, p.
35 |
VS1 –chuq each
other |
TKD 4.2.1, p.
36 |
VS2 –nIS need |
TKD 4.2.2, p.
36 |
VS2 –rup ready |
TKD 4.2.2, p.
36 |
VS2 –qang
willing |
TKD 4.2.2, p.
36 |
VS2 –beH ready |
TKD 4.2.2, p.
36-37 |
VS2 –vIp afraid |
TKD 4.2.2, p.
37 |
VS3 –choH
change |
TKD 4.2.3, p.
37 |
VS3 –qa' again/resume |
TKD 4.2.3, p.
37-38 |
VS4 –moH cause |
TKD 4.2.4, p.
38 |
VS5 –laH ability |
TKD 4.2.5, p.
39 |
VS6 –ba' obviously |
TKD 4.2.6, p.
175 (addendum) |
VS6 –law'
apparently |
TKD 4.2.6, p.
40 |
VS6 –bej certainly |
TKD 4.2.6, p.
40 |
VS6 –chu'
clearly/perfectly |
TKD 4.2.6, p.
40 |
VS8 –neS honorific |
TKD 4.2.8, p.
43 |
VS9 –'a' interrogative |
TKD 4.2.9, p.
44 |
Rover –be'
negation |
TKD 4.3, p. 46 |
Rover –qu'
emphatic |
TKD 4.3, p.
48-49 |
Pronouns |
TKD 5.1, p.
51-52 |
Conjunctions |
TKD 5.3, p. 55 |
Exclamations |
TKD 5.5, p. 57 |
Question chay'
how |
TKD 6.4, p.
68-70 |
Question ghorgh
when |
TKD 6.4, p.
68-70 |
Question 'ar how
many |
TKD 6.4, p.
68-70 |
Question qatlh
why |
TKD 6.4, p.
68-70 |
- Sample Questions
1. |
Instructions |
Fill
in the blank. |
|
Question |
How
many enemies do you see? |
|
|
jagh
_____ Dalegh |
|
Answer |
'ar |
2. |
Instructions |
Translate
the following sentence: |
|
Question |
This
door is shut. |
|
Answer |
SoQ
lojmItvam |
3. |
Instructions |
|
|
Question |
Identify
the parts of speech in Klingon. |
|
Answer |
Nouns,
verbs, and everything else. |
Back to the top.
- Level II: Hol patlh ghojwI',
"Intermediate"
- Source
The
Intermediate test will consist of 20 questions drawn from the following material. The
grammar and vocabulary will come exclusively from TKD, and no other sources. In
this section, questions will use any grammar and vocabulary found in TKD (2nd
printing).
Back to the top.
- Material
Topic |
Source |
Compound nouns |
TKD 3.2.1, p.
19 |
VS9 –wI'
thing/one which is/does |
TKD 3.2.2, p.
19,
TKD 4.2.9, p. 44 |
NS2 –Du'
body part plural |
TKD 3.3.2, p.
23 |
NS2 –mey
general plural |
TKD 3.3.2, p.
23 |
NS2 –pu'
language-user plural |
TKD 3.3.2, p.
23 |
Inherent plurals |
TKD 3.3.2, p.
23-24 |
NS5 –vaD
beneficiary |
TKD 3.3.5, p.
28,
TKD 6.8 p. 180 (addendum) |
N1-N2 genitives |
TKD 3.4, p. 30 |
Verb prefix bo- |
TKD 4.1.1, p.
32-34 |
Verb prefix che- |
TKD 4.1.1, p.
32-34 |
Verb prefix DI- |
TKD 4.1.1, p.
32-34 |
Verb prefix Du- |
TKD 4.1.1, p.
32-34 |
Verb prefix ju- |
TKD 4.1.1, p.
32-34 |
Verb prefix lI- |
TKD 4.1.1, p.
32-34 |
Verb prefix lu- |
TKD 4.1.1, p.
32-34 |
Verb prefix nI- |
TKD 4.1.1, p.
32-34 |
Verb prefix nu- |
TKD 4.1.1, p.
32-34 |
Verb prefix pI- |
TKD 4.1.1, p.
32-34 |
Verb prefix re- |
TKD 4.1.1, p.
32-34 |
Verb prefix Sa- |
TKD 4.1.1, p.
32-34 |
Verb prefix Su- |
TKD 4.1.1, p.
32-34 |
Verb prefix tu- |
TKD 4.1.1, p.
32-34 |
Verb prefix wI- |
TKD 4.1.1, p.
32-34 |
Imperative verb
prefix gho- |
TKD 4.1.2, p.
34-35 |
Imperative verb
prefix HI- |
TKD 4.1.2, p.
34-35 |
Imperative verb
prefix pe- |
TKD 4.1.2, p.
34-35 |
Imperative verb
prefix tI- |
TKD 4.1.2, p.
34-35 |
Imperative verb
prefix yI- |
TKD 4.1.2, p.
34-35 |
VS5 –lu'
indefinite subject |
TKD 4.2.5, p.
38-39 |
VS7 –ta'
accomplished |
TKD 4.2.7, p.
41-42 |
VS7 –taH
continuous |
TKD 4.2.7, p.
42 |
VS7 –lI'
in progress |
TKD 4.2.7, p.
42-43 |
VS7 –pu'
perfective |
TKD 4.2.7,
p.41 |
VS9 –mo'
due to/because |
TKD 4.2.9, p.
175 (addendum) |
VS9 –jaj
may |
TKD 4.2.9, p.
175-176 (addendum) |
VS9 –ghach
nominalizer |
TKD 4.2.9, p.
176 (addendum) |
VS9 –chugh
if |
TKD 4.2.9, p.
43 |
VS9 –DI'
as soon as/when |
TKD 4.2.9, p.
43 |
VS9 –pa'
before |
TKD 4.2.9, p.
43 |
VS9 –vIS
while |
TKD 4.2.9, p.
43-44 |
VS9 –bogh
relative clause |
TKD 4.2.9, p.
44,
TKD 6.2.3, p. 63-64 |
VS9 –meH
purpose clause |
TKD 4.2.9, p.
44,
TKD 6.2.4, p. 64-65 |
Rover –Qo'
won't |
TKD 4.3, p. 47 |
Rover –Ha'
undo |
TKD 4.3, p.
47-48 |
Adjectives |
TKD 4.4, p.
49-50 |
Numbers |
TKD 5.2, p.
52-55 |
Adverbs |
TKD 5.4, p.
55-57, 177-178 (addendum) |
Sentences as object |
TKD 6.2.5, p.
65-67 |
Pronouns as "to
be" |
TKD 6.3, p.
67-68 |
Back to the top.
- Sample Questions
1. |
Instructions |
Fill in the
blank. |
|
Question |
May you die
before your children do. |
|
|
Heghpa'
puqpu'lI' __________. |
|
Answer |
bIHeghjaj |
2. |
Instructions |
Translate the
following sentence. |
|
Question |
De' lI'bogh
boleghpu''a'? |
|
Answer |
Have you
(plural) seen the information that he transmitted? |
3. |
Instructions |
Identify the
subject and object indicated by the following prefix |
|
Question |
tu- |
|
Answer |
Subject: you
(plural) |
|
|
Object: me |
Back to the top.
4. Level III: Hol patlh po'wI',
"Advanced"
- Source
The
Advanced test will consist of 30 questions drawn from the following material. In this
test, additional canon sources beyond TKD (grammar and vocabulary) will be
included. This includes all canon sources listed in the FAQ,
including primarily (but not exclusively) Klingon for the Galactic Traveler (KGT),
and articles written by Marc Okrand and published in HolQeD.
Back to the top.
- Material
The
Advanced test will consist of 30 questions: 20 main questions, 5 idioms, and 5 in reading
comprehension.
The 20
main questions are presented in the same format as the previous two tests. Each specific
issue will not be listed here; instead, examples for each category will be shown.
- Main Questions
Grammar
and language use post-TKD
Example:
nargh 'eb "too late"
Example: NS5 –'e' "topic" used to disambiguate
the head noun of a relative clause.
Little-known
grammar rules
Example: It is culturally
taboo to use the VS2 suffix -vIp with a
first-person subject prefix.
Regional
variation in grammar
Example: In toasts, the
last word is always the verb, except in Sakrej and No'hvadut dialects.
Societal
variation in vocabulary
Example: Dargh
HIvje' "teacup"
(general) vs. tu'lum
"teacup"
(upper-class only)
Specialized
vocabulary
Example: ghe'naQ
nIt "Grand Opera"
- Idioms
For the
questions on idioms, you will be asked to provide the idiomatic interpretation of an
expression. For example, pe'vIl bI'chu', "do something all at
once."
- Reading Comprehension
In the reading comprehension section, you
will have a short passage to read in Klingon. The text will be followed by five questions
on the subject matter. The questions are written in Klingon, and you will provide your
answers in Klingon.
Back to the top.
- Sample Questions
| 1. |
Instructions |
Translate the following
sentence. |
| |
Question |
It's too late for you to
spit out the poison. |
| |
Answer |
nargh tar
DatlhISmeH 'eb |
| 2. |
Instructions |
|
| |
Question |
Explain the difference
between yaS and 'utlh. |
| |
Answer |
yaS
"officer" vs. 'utlh "officer" (emeritus) |
| 3. |
Instructions |
Explain the idiomatic
interpretation of the following expression. |
| |
Question |
pe'vIl bI'chu' |
| |
Answer |
Do something all at once |
Back to the top.
5. Grammarian
The
grammarian test is a little different than the others. The test is in two parts. The first
part of test will consist of a collection of sentences, some grammatical, most not. The
grammarian will have to provide an explanation of the grammatical details of the sentence,
including an explanation for why the sentence may be ungrammatical. There will be 10
questions of this type. The material will cover all known canon sources for Klingon
grammar, including issues that may still not be clearly understood.
The second
part of the test will be an essay, a written response to an essay question.
Back to the top.
6. Appendix: Beginner's Vocabulary
The following 500 vocabulary items are from
TKD. All questions in the Level I: Beginner's exam use vocabulary
only from this list. Due to copyright restrictions, only the English translation is
included here; please refer to TKD for the Klingon translation.
ability, (n)
accept, (v)
accompany, (v)
accomplish, (v)
accomplishment, (n)
ache, hurt, be sore, (v)
achieve, (v)
achievement, (n)
acquire, obtain, get, (v)
act, take action, (v)
add, (v)
additional one, other one, (n)
admit, (v)
advice, (n)
advise, (v)
afternoon, (n)
alien, foreigner, (n)
allow, permit, (v)
alter, change, (v)
analyze, (v)
animal, (n)
answer, reply, (v)
approach, go away from, proceed, come, follow (a course), (v)
area above, area overhead, (n)
area below, area under, (n)
area beside, area next to, (n)
area between, (n)
arm, (n)
arrive, (v)
ask, (v)
attack, (v)
attempt, try, (v)
bar, saloon, cocktail lounge, (n)
battle, (n)
be a problem, be a hassle, (v)
be absent, (v)
be accomplished, finished, (v)
be advanced, highly developed, (v)
be all gone, (v)
be alone, (v)
be angry, mad, (v)
be bad, (v)
be beautiful, handsome, (v)
be big, (v)
be black, (v)
be boring, (v)
be brave, (v)
be calm, (v)
be careful, (v)
be clean, (v)
be clever, smart, intelligent, (v)
be closed, shut, (v)
be clumsy, (v)
be cold, (v)
be confused, mixed up, (v)
be counterfeit, false, fake, (v)
be crazy, (v)
be dangerous, (v)
be depressed, (v)
be different, (v)
be difficult, (v)
be dirty, (v)
be dishonest, (v)
be drunk, intoxicated, (v)
be dry, (v)
be dull, uninteresting, (v)
be easy, (v)
be enough, sufficient, (v)
be essential, necessary, (v)
be excited, (v)
be expert, skilled, (v)
be famous, well known, (v)
be fat, (v)
be fat, (v)
be few, be several, be a handful, (v)
be final, last, (v)
be fortunate, lucky, (v)
be free, independent, (v)
be frozen, (v)
be funny, (v)
be good, (v)
be green, blue, yellow, (v)
be grouchy, mean, (v)
be happy, (v)
be hard (like a rock, (v)
be healthy, (v)
be heavy, (v)
be honored, (v)
be hot, (v)
be hungry, (v)
be identical, (v)
be impressive, (v)
be inferior, (v)
be interesting, (v)
be lazy, (v)
be light, bright, (v)
be many, (v)
be messy, sloppy, (v)
be nervous, uneasy, (v)
be new, (v)
be old (not new), (v)
be old (not young), (v)
be open, opened, (v)
be orange, red, (v)
be pleased, (v)
be present (not absent), (v)
be proud, (v)
be qualified, (v)
be quiet, (v)
be remote, far, (v)
be responsible, (v)
be right, correct, (v)
be rough, (v)
be sad, (v)
be satisfied, (v)
be serious, (v)
be sharp, (v)
be sick, ill, (v)
be simple, (v)
be small, (v)
be smooth, (v)
be sour, (v)
be special, exceptional, (v)
be strong, (v)
be stupid, (v)
be temporary, (v)
be the same, (v)
be thirsty, (v)
be tired, (v)
be together, (v)
be tough, (v)
be trivial, trifling, unimportant, (v)
be true, (v)
be useful, (v)
be varied, various, (v)
be weak, (v)
be weird, (v)
be wet, (v)
be white, (v)
be wrong, (v)
beam (aboard, (v)
become, (v)
believe, (v)
bend, (v)
betray, (v)
birthday, (n)
bite, (v)
blame, (v)
blood, (n)
board, go aboard, (v)
body, (n)
book, (n)
boot, (n)
borrow, (v)
boss, (n)
boy, (n)
break, (v)
breakfast, (n)
breath, (v)
bring, (v)
brother, (n)
building, structure, (n)
burn, (v)
buy, purchase, (v)
calculate, (v)
calendar, (n)
captain, (n)
care (about, (v)
carry, convey, (v)
cause trouble, (v)
chair, (n)
charming (used only ironically), (excl)
chase, follow, (v)
cheat, (v)
cheek, (n)
chew, (v)
child, offspring, (n)
chocolate, (n)
choose, select, (v)
chronometer, (n)
city, (n)
climb, (v)
close in, get closer, come nearer, (v)
cloud, (n)
communicate, (v)
compete, (v)
computer, (n)
concentrate on, focus on, think only about, (v)
connect, (v)
conquer, (v)
contain (have inside), (v)
control, (v)
cook, (v)
country, countryside, (n)
coward, (n)
cry, (v)
danger, (n)
data, information, (n)
daughter, (n)
day, (n)
debate, (v)
decide, (v)
demand, require, (v)
deny, (v)
depart, (v)
depend on, rely on, (v)
describe, (v)
destroy, (v)
dictionary, (n)
die, (v)
dinner, (n)
disagree, (v)
disappear, vanish, (v)
discourage, (v)
discover, find, observe, notice, (v)
dislike, (v)
dock, (n)
dock, (v)
doctor, physician, (n)
done, (excl)
door, gate, (n)
doubt, (v)
dream, (v)
drink, (v)
drop, (v)
duty station, station, (n)
duty, quest, mission, task, chore, (n)
Earth, (n)
eat, (v)
enemy, (n)
enjoy, (v)
enter, go in, (v)
err, be mistaken, make a mistake, (v)
establish, set up, (v)
everyone, all, everything, (n)
expect, (v)
explain, (v)
face, (n)
fact, (n)
fall, (v)
family, (n)
father, (n)
feed (someone else), (v)
female, woman, (n)
fight, (v)
fill, (v)
finger, (n)
fire, (n)
fire (torpedo, rocket, missile), (v)
fix, repair, (v)
floor, (n)
follow (rules, (v)
food, (n)
fool, (n)
foot, (n)
forehead, (n)
forest, woods, (n)
forget, (v)
friend, (n)
garbage, (n)
gas, (n)
genius, (n)
gift, (n)
girl, (n)
give, (v)
glass (tumbler, (n)
glow, (v)
go, (v)
goal, (n)
good (expressing satisfaction), (excl)
grammar, (n)
grandfather, (n)
group, party, (n)
guard, (v)
gunner, (n)
hand, (n)
hate, detest, (v)
have a hangover, be hung over, (v)
have a headache, (v)
have, possess, (v)
he, she, him, her, (pro)
head, (n)
hear, (v)
helm, (n)
helmsman, (n)
help, aid, (v)
hide, cloak, (v)
history, (n)
home, (n)
honor, (n)
hope, (v)
hour, (n)
hunt, (v)
hurry, (v)
husband, (n)
I, me, (pro)
idea, (n)
identify, (v)
inhabitant, (n)
insult, (v)
intend, mean to, (v)
it, (pro)
jacket, coat, (n)
judge, estimate, (v)
keep something secret, (v)
keep, save, (v)
kill, (v)
Klingon, (n)
knee, (n)
knife, dagger, (n)
know, (v)
label, (v)
lake, (n)
language, (n)
laugh, (v)
lead, guide, (v)
learn, (v)
leave, depart, (v)
leg, (n)
let's go, come on, (excl)
lie, fib, (v)
life, (n)
line, rope, (n)
listen, (v)
live, (v)
look for seek, search for, (v)
loved one, (n)
make peace, (v)
male, man, (n)
manuscript, (n)
meet (for the first time), (v)
meet, encounter, (v)
meeting, (n)
melt, (v)
mind, brain, (n)
minute (of time, (n)
month, (n)
moon, (n)
morning, (n)
mother, (n)
mouth, (n)
name, (n)
navigate, (v)
night, (n)
no, (excl)
no, I won't, I refuse, I disagree, (excl)
nonsense, (n)
nose, (n)
nostril, (n)
nothing, none, (n)
noun, (n)
oath, (n)
occur, happen, (v)
officer, (n)
opinion, (n)
opportunity, (n)
order, command, (v)
paper, (n)
pay attention, concentrate, (v)
pay for, (v)
peace, (n)
period of time, (n)
person (humanoid), (n) (ghot, nuv)
pet, (n)
phenomenon, event, occurrence, (n)
plan, (v)
planet, (n)
pleasure, (n)
practice, train, prepare, (v)
prefer, (v)
present, (v)
press down, (v)
prevent, block, prohibit, (v)
prisoner, (n)
prosper, be prosperous, (v)
protect, (v)
push, (v)
question, interrogate, (v)
rain, (v)
reach, (v)
read, (v)
ready, (excl)
realize, (v)
reason, (n)
receive, (v)
recognize, (v)
recommend, suggest, (v)
regret, (v)
remain, (v)
remember, (v)
remove, take off, (v)
resemble, (v)
respect, (v)
rest, relax, (v)
restaurant, (n)
return, (v)
revenge, (n)
roam, travel, rove, (v)
room, (n)
run, jog, (v)
salute, (v)
scare, (v)
science, (n)
scientist, (n)
scream, cry out, shout, yell, (v)
secret, (n)
see, (v)
sell, (v)
send, (v)
sentence, (n)
sergeant, (n)
serve (a master), (v)
shield, (n)
ship, vessel, (n)
shoe, (n)
shoot, (v)
shot, (n)
show, reveal, (v)
sir, (n)
sister, (n)
sit, (v)
skin, (n)
sky, (n)
sleep, (v)
slit, (v)
so, well, (excl)
soft, (v)
somebody, something, anybody, anything, (n)
somewhere, (n)
son, (n)
source, (n)
speak, say, (v)
stand, (v)
stop, cease, (v)
story, (n)
study, (v)
stuff, (v)
success, (n)
surprise, (v)
surrender, give up, (v)
sword, (n)
system, (n)
take, (v)
take away, (v)
tell the truth, (v)
tell, report, (v)
theory, (n)
there, over there, thereabouts, (n)
they, them, (pro)
they, them, (pro)
thing, (n)
think, (v)
throw away, (v)
today, (n)
tomorrow, (n)
translate, (v)
tree, (n)
tribble, (n)
trouble, (n)
trust, have faith in, (v)
turn, (v)
understand, (v)
use, (v)
verb, (n)
verify, (v)
victory, triumph, (n)
violate, (v)
violation, (n)
visit, (v)
vocabulary, (n)
voice, (n)
vow, swear, (v)
Vulcan, (n)
wait (for), (v)
wake up, cease sleeping, (v)
walk, (v)
want, (v)
war, (n)
warrior, (n)
watch, (v)
water, (n)
we, us, (pro)
weapon, (n)
wear (clothes), (v)
week, (n)
well done, very good, (excl)
wife, (n)
wind, breeze, (n)
wing, (n)
wonder, (v)
word, (n)
work, function, succeed, (v)
work, toil, (v)
wound, (v)
write, (v)
year, (n)
yes, true, (excl)
yes, true, (excl)
yesterday, (n)
you, (pro)
you (plural), (pro)
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Copyright © 1999, 
Last Updated: Saturday, November 20, 1999
